摘要
增材制造技术作为一种颠覆性的先进制造方法，近年来在金属零部件制造领域取得了突破性进展。本文系统综述了2019—2024年金属零部件增材制造技术的研究进展。首先，阐述了金属增材制造技术的发展背景与重要意义，分析了该技术在航空航天、医疗器械、汽车制造等高端装备领域的应用需求。其次，详细介绍了选区激光熔化、激光定向能量沉积、电弧增材制造等主要工艺原理与技术特点，对比分析了各工艺在成形精度、效率及适用材料方面的差异。随后，重点综述了钛合金、不锈钢、铝合金及高温合金等典型金属材料在增材制造过程中的组织演变规律与力学性能特征，探讨了工艺参数对材料各向异性及性能的影响机制。进一步，深入分析了增材制造过程中气孔、裂纹、球化等缺陷的形成机理，系统阐述了残余应力的产生原因、表征方法及调控策略。最后，介绍了数值模拟技术在熔池动力学、温度场预测及工艺优化中的应用现状，并展望了金属增材制造技术向智能化、多材料协同及材料-结构-性能一体化方向发展的趋势。本文旨在为金属增材制造技术的深入研究及工程应用提供参考。
关键词： 增材制造；金属零部件；选区激光熔化；微观组织；残余应力；数值模拟
Abstract
As a disruptive advanced manufacturing method, additive manufacturing technology has made breakthrough progress in the field of metal parts manufacturing in recent years. This article systematically reviews the research progress of additive manufacturing technology for metal parts from 2019 to 2024. First, the development background and significance of metal additive manufacturing technology are explained, and the application needs of this technology in high-end equipment fields such as aerospace, medical equipment, and automobile manufacturing are analyzed. Secondly, the main process principles and technical characteristics of selective laser melting, laser directed energy deposition, and arc additive manufacturing are introduced in detail, and the differences between each process in terms of forming accuracy, efficiency, and applicable materials are comparatively analyzed. Subsequently, the article focused on reviewing the microstructure evolution rules and mechanical properties of typical metal materials such as titanium alloys, stainless steel, aluminum alloys and high-temperature alloys during the additive manufacturing process, and discussed the influence mechanism of process parameters on material anisotropy and properties. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of defects such as pores, cracks, and spheroidization during the additive manufacturing process was deeply analyzed, and the causes, characterization methods, and control strategies of residual stress were systematically explained. Finally, the current application status of numerical simulation technology in melt pool dynamics, temperature field prediction and process optimization is introduced, and the development trend of metal additive manufacturing technology towards intelligence, multi-material collaboration and material-structure-performance integration is prospected. This article aims to provide a reference for in-depth research and engineering applications of metal additive manufacturing technology.
Key words： Additive manufacturing; Metal parts; Selective laser melting; Microstructure; Residual stress; Numerical simulation
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